An International Conference

for

(Tamil) Spiritual Awareness


 

1. The Hidden Glory of the Tamils 

The Tamils claim that they belong to the most ancient race of the world.

 

" The age old Tamil Community’s origination dates back to the time long past

    Even prior to the formation of stone and where from had sand evolved"-

 

   ("Kal thonri man thonraak kaalaththu

       Mun thonri mooththa kudi") 

2. Dr. Ambedgar had remarked that the word ‘Tamizhar’ was mutilated as Dravidian and the people who were living throughout India were Tamils or Dravidians. (Tamizhar - Thramilar - Thramidar-Dravidar - Draavidar). 

3. The world could not discover the fame of the Dravidians until the research findings based on the excavations of the Indus Valley was carried out in the middle of the Twentieth century.

4. Tamil Sangam literature was not available to Dr. Caldwell, the author of Comparative Grammar of Dravidian Languages, in the later half of 19th c.A.D. The Sangam Literature was brought to the lime light only after this period. 

5. The False Conception 

Sir William Jones had translated Manu Smiriti into English at the end of the 18th c.A.D. and it had lead him to misconceive that a separate race by name Aranyan was in existence and whose language was Sanskrit. He mistook it to be more glorious than the Dravidian languages and he concluded that Sanskrit should have been the first language of the world and he started propagating this folly idea throughout the world. 

6. Sir William Jones was ignorant of the terminology that Aryan was the name which commonly denoted the different groups of people like the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Sakas, the Kushans, Huns etc. who had gained entry into the Indian soil from alien countries without any religion; moreover he never knew that it was not the name of a particular race, nor was it a fact that it had a separate language namely Sanskrit.

7. Sir William Jones was not aware the fact that Dravidians were the most ancient people and India was a country of the Dravidians. Nor was he aware that Tamil was the mother tongue of the Dravidians.

Moreover he never knew that it was the Dravidians who developed a new language named Sanskrit (perfected language) which was a conglameration of Tamil, Pali, Arthamagadi, Persian, Greek and Latin and it should be noted here that other than Tamil the rest were the spoken languages of the alien nationals like Persians, Greeks, Romans etc. who were living through out India so that they could understand the new spiritual concepts through a commonly developed language. This had misled him to conceive a wrong idea that Sanskrit was a language that was more ancient than Tamil, Persian, Greek and Roman . 

8. Sanskrit is of Dravidian 

Sanskrit was never a spoken language of the common people. In as much as a beautiful doll was crafted this language also was artificially crafted. (A child has a natural birth whereas a doll could only be skillfully crafted).

It was termed as ‘Deva Bhasha’ because it was developed by the highly learned, spiritual Dravidian leaders. 

9. Sanskrit was developed by the Dravidian scholars after Christ. That is why there are no Sanskrit inscriptions in the rock edicts of Ashoka. Dravidians viz. Valmiki and Veda Vyasa composed the two great epics of India - Ramayana and Mahabharata in Sanskrit. It was Veda Vyasa, a Dravidian had compiled the Vedic hymns and developed the Vedas in Sanskrit and he too had collected and arranged the Upanishads and also had composed the spiritual books like Brahma Sutra, Bhagavad Gita etc. Kalidasa who had brought out beautiful epics in Sanskrit was also a Dravidian. 

10. Aryavardha & Manu Dharma Sastra 

The major portion of North India was under the regime of Aryans between 7th c.A.D. and 12 c.A.D. and hence it was denoted as ‘Arya Vardha’. Since these Aryans who were living in the cold countries they were pale in complexion and these pale - coloured Aryans flocked together and captured the ruling power in India and had deceptively multilated justice by devicing separate laws for themselves and a different set of laws for the Indians, namely the Dravidians. The law deviced by the Aryans based on the colour is known as Varnashrama Dharma. And thus Manu Dharma Sastra was codified as the law book for upholding this Varnashrama Dharma. 

11. Bogus Commentaries 

Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva were the Aryan Brahmin commentators who had rendered their deceitful commentaries based on Varnashrama Dharma for the spiritual books viz. Brahma Sutra, Baghavad Gita and the Upanishads of Veda Vyasa. 

Sudras - Panchamas 

These three commentators while writing the commentaries on the spiritual books of a Dravidian, i.e., Veda Vyasa, they had imposed prohibition on the Dravidians saying that they had no right to learn or profess spiritualism as they were of the lowest caste. 

As the Dravidians had lost their political power to the Aryans, the Aryans suppressed them. The Dravidians who had adjusted and compromised with the Aryans were the Sudras or the slaves (BC) and the Dravidian leaders who had put up resistance against the Aryans were degraded as Panchamas or the untouchables (SC/ST). Hence the two divisions in Dravidians. 

12. Combined Caste 

At the time when the European white English captured the Indian rule they believed that they could rule the Indians with an iron hand through the codes of Manu Dharma Sastra which was the source book of Varnashrama Dharma.

This Sastra had professed diametrically opposite laws for the whites (12%) and the non-whites who formed 88% of the Indian population. Therefore, they propagated this venomous concept through out the world. Apart from this, they also had claimed that they too had belonged to the Aryan race. Nevertheless they included Aryan Brahmins with them and subsequently offered them a good deal in their rule. The Brahmins had a lion’s share of top positions in the British Rule. 

13. Hindutva 

The English had decided to render justice to the Christians based on the Christian Rules; to the Muslims based on the Muslim Rules and to the other Indians based on the Manu Dharma Sastra. Hinduism or the Hindu Law was a new English name given to the Manu Dharma Sastra by them. Now a days ‘Hinduism’ and ‘Hindutva’ are used inter changeably. 

The Apex court of India had passed a verdict saying that Hinduism is not a religion but it is a way of life. Mr. Vajpayee, the Prime Minister of India has made a remark that there was no place for God in Hindutva.

Hindutva is different and Hindu religion is different altogether. Infact the Hindu religion refers to Saivism and Vaishnavism. But Hindutva refers to the hegemony of caste inequality. Sir William Jones who had translated the Manu Dharma Sastra, into the European language which was useful for the English people, was acclaimed and was honoured by way of the installation of his statue, holding the Manu Dharma Sastra in his hand, at St. Paul’s Cathedral at London. As of today this statue is very much there in the Cathedral. 

14. It was because Manu Dharma Sastra was translated into the European languages, the Europeans had misconstrued the idea that was a race by name Aryan. They began to claim themselves to belong to the so-called Aryan race and started detesting others. This had prompted Hitler believe that the Aryan race was born to rule over the country and consequently he had brutally massacred several lakhs of the Jews. 

15. The Jews are the descendants of Abraham, the worshipper of one-God. There is a very close relationship between Abraham and the Dravidian race. Because it was only during the middle of the 20th century the glory and the antiquity of the Dravidians were unearthed through the research findings of the Indus Valley excavations and since the Brahmins who are in power in the Indian politics resort to ruin this truth through various unethical means the antiquity and glory of the Dravidians are camouflaged till date and the world still remains in darkness without knowing this truth. 

16. Sivalinga in the Bible and in Islam 

All the world religions are closely related to the Dravidian civilization. The Sivalinga worship that reveals the spirituality of the Dravidians was uncovered from the Dravidian Indus Valley civilization.

The Bible and Islam tell us that the worship of Abraham or Ibrahim was the Sivalinga - worship of the Dravidians. The Aryans who were Nature - worshippers could not understand either God or One - God and they had attributed ignoble meaning to the Sivalinga worship.  

The Bible very vividly divulge that the Sivalinga worship was in vogue in as much as six places viz., Bethel, Shechem, Gilgal, Mizpah, Dan and Ebenezer. In the same manner, the worship that was initiated by Ibrahim at Mecca, the only temple for the universal Muslims, is the Sivalinga worship of the Tamils. Anyone who could closely observe the holy stone at Kabha can easily decipher that it is a Sivalinga and the manner of its worship is the worship of the Tamils. 

17. The Bible, without any ambiguity, reveals the developmental stages of the tripartite worship comprising of the Sivalinga, the sacrificial altar and the calf which are prevalent in the Dravidian worship in Saivite temples in India. We can observe in the Bible about the historical perspective of the evolvement of the lifeless stone transforming into a living stone and the family of Siva. 

Religious fanaticism Vs Spiritualism 

To know the evolvement of the family of Siva - worship from the worship of Siva, that consisting the worships of Vishnu, Sakthi, Kumaran, Pillaiyar, Brahman and Ayyappan, one has to be refrain from religious fanaticism and should study the Bible, Panniruthirumurai (The twelve canonical scriptures of Saivism), Naalayira Thivyap Praphamdam, The sacred Quran and the fourteen Saiva Siddhanta Sastras. Spiritualism and Religion are separate entities. 

18. Spiritualism - Religion 

When spiritualism gets mixed up with politics it gives birth to religion. The religionists are politicking in the guise of spiritualism. They only instigate religious fanaticism and divide people. The Buddha, Mahavir, Jesus Christ and Prophet Mohammed were only the spiritual leaders and not the religious leaders. They were persecuted by the religionist. They also murdered Jesus Christ. It is the historical fact that the politicians had incorporated their spiritual concepts into politics and had founded religions in their own names. 

The River and the Tank

The religions are like different tanks, which are fed by the river. There are controversies, disputes, conflicts and riots over the rights of the tanks. These are all the outcome of their locations, their backgrounds, the periods and the group of people who claim the rights of the tanks. 

19. Yet, those who stand above these controversies and watchfully survey the course of the river could understand the unity and the integrity in the midst of these isolated tanks. The course of the river would make them understands this fact. This understanding only is Spiritualism. 

The Glory of Tamil Language 

The spiritualists regard every religion as equal. They have no religious fanaticism. Tamil language alone is an example for this. Tamil is the only language, which has in its possession epics for every religion. There are epics for Buddhism, Jainism, Saivism, Vaishnavism, Christianity and Islam only in Tamil. No other language has this type of outstanding glory. 

20. Bhakthi of Reasoning & Non - Reasoning

Bhakthi of reasoning is attributable to spiritualism whereas blind affinity of non-reasoning is to the religion. This Bhakthi of non-reasoning would vary, differ or be controversial.

It breeds conflicts and religious riots. But the Bhakthi of reasoning shall give birth to unity of the society; it can throw more light on one’s own Bhakthi; it shall bring all the religions together; it shall discern the spiritual aspects in the religions from the political aspects and shall spiritually unite all the religions. It shall endure the welfare of the whole world. 

Those who like the welfare of the world shall free themselves from the fetters of religious fanaticism and they would create a spiritual life instead. 

21. Tamil is a Spiritual Language

All the major religions of the world had originated only in Asia. The recent researches reveal a historical truth that all these religions had developed in Asia, that too only from the Dravidian race. Tamil is the basic language of the Dravidian race.

Among all the spoken languages of India, Tamil is the only language that has literature of more than two thousand years of antiquity. 

22. Tamil, the mother - tongue of the Tamils or Dravidians is a spiritual language. Because of the spiritual thoughtfulness of the Tamil people, the Tamil alphabets had been named as ‘Uyir ezhuththu’ -Uyir = life - (Vowels), ‘Mei ezhuththu’ - mei = the body (consonants),

‘Uyir mei ezhuththu’ - Uyir mei = combination of life and body. 

By way of naming the Tamil alphabets such as ‘Uyir ezhuthtu’, ‘Mei ezhuththu’ and ‘Uyir mei ezhuththu’ the Tamils had explained spiritualism through the means of grammar. 

23. That which is written is the syllable. The syllables shall combine to form a word. The word shall reveal the meaning. Arranging the words in a meaningful form is the prosody and the beautification of verse is ‘Ani’ (figure of speech). 

Tamil is the only language in the world, which has five grammatical classifications for Ezhuthu (Orthography) 'Sol' (Etymology), ‘Porul’, pertaining to the life of the people, ‘Yappu’ is Prosody and ‘Ani’ is Figure of Speech. The other languages do not have grammar of life ‘Porul’ -. They have only the other four. ‘Porul’ is the most distinguished feature of the Tamil language.  

Ex

planation of Agapporul is Spiritualism 

The special feature of 'Porul' grammar is the classification of Agapporul and Purapporul in Tamil and each one has distinguished grammatical aphorisms. That which tells ‘Agapporul’ is the grammar of spiritualism. That which tells the grammar of politics is Purapporul. Just as we have a flow of continuity of history for politics there is also a continuous history for spiritualism in this world. 

24. Spiritualism as a River 

Spiritualism of the world originates from Tamil. As a matter of fact it begins from the Dravidian race. The Sivalinga worship of the Dravidian Indus Valley civilization exemplifies the origin of the history of spiritualism. Spiritualism is just like a perennial river. 

Spiritualism is the end result of the man’s sixth sense through which he had started examining about the body and about the life that preserves the body and lead him to find out the soul that activates the body according to his will and subsequently his realization of the soul from where it had departed and to which it is going to be united with the Supreme Soul. 

Five senses are the political thoughts pertaining to the body.

Sixth sense is the spiritual thought pertaining to the soul. 

25. The River and the sea 

The sea could be compared to that of the Supreme Soul and the river to that of the Individual Soul. The river originates from the sea and flows into the sea. There is no river without the sea but the exits even sea without the river. Therefore the spiritual thought has continuity and that spiritualism shall have its completeness in God.

Science attempts to explain about the body. Philosophy tries to explain about the life (spirit). Theology attempts to explain about the soul. Spiritualism shall be complete when all these three conjoin and get accomplished. 

26. The Religionist and the Spiritualist 

Just as the scientific inventions are used for the destructive purposes of the human society, there are people who use philosophy and theology for the destructive purposes of the humanity. They are only the religionists.

They are the opponents of the spiritualists. Just like the political leaders generate the political slaves, the religionists also generate the religious slaves. The spiritualistic ideologies are used by the religionists so as to generate the religious slaves. 

27. We have already noted that the Dravidians are the spiritual thinkers.  

The Life and its course 

The Buddha and Mahavir were the Dravidian spiritual thinkers who lived before Christ. They were the first in the world who had found out that there was life apart from the body and they tried to explain about its course. The outcome of their thought was the Concept of Cycle of Birth. Their concepts were later on fabricated into Buddhism and Jainism after their period and were spread thought India. Buddhism could find its way even beyond India. There is neither candid explanation about the soul nor about God in these religions. Therefore these were considered as atheistic religions. 

28. Bhakti Movement 

A new movement was evolved in Tamil Nadu in the post - Christ Era. That movement had attempted to give an explanation about the soul and about God. In history it is termed as the Bhakti Movement.

Based on the concept of the soul and of God this Bhakti Movement had given a new explanation to the theory of cycle of birth that was ignorant of the soul and of God. 

29. Among the Tamils those who had accepted the new explanation had left their religions and had joined the new movement. Thirunavukkarasar was a prominent person among themselves. He was from Jainism and had joined this new movement. He took the lead to spread this new doctrine throughout the length and breadth of Tamil Nadu and it was his ‘Bhakti’ which had given the name to the new movement as Bhakti Movement. As a sincere spiritual leader he wanted to forgive those who were inflicting evil upon him. He was instrumental to change the mind of the Pallava King, who was persecuting Thirunavukkarasar for having accepted the new doctrine, and made the king embrace the Bhakti Movement. So, the Bhakti Movement had gathered great momentum and was highly applauded by the kings.

 

30. Aryan Brahmin in the Bhakti Movement 

An Aryan Brahmin had gained entry into the Dravidian Bhakti Movement at this juncture. As a result 8000 Tamil Dravidian intellectuals were branded as Jains and were impaled and killed. By whom were they killed? It was very much by a Dravidian King. The King who had to safe guard the Dravidian intellects was instigated by an Aryan Brahmin to put them to death.

The Bhakti Movement which had professed the doctrine of doing good in return of evil that was nutured by Thirunavukkarasar was later on converted into a religion and consequently religious fanaticism was unleashed. The Tamils were instigated to hate each other, to show enmity, and to commit murders by the Aryan Brahmins. were the instigators. From that time onwards the Tamils had been pushed down to the lower position and the Aryans had gained the upper position. This is the history of South India. 

31. Concept of Caste Stratification  

It was in the 7th c.A.D. in North India, due to the downfall of the Dravidians and due to the rule by the Aryans, ‘Aryavardha’ was founded. Justice for the Aryans and for the Dravidians had been chalked out separately. This is the point of time where the political upswing for the Aryans had gained currency.

The Aryan Brahamins had conspired in such a way that the Aryan supremacy should be safeguarded on a permanent basis without facing any wreckage in future.

32. It became imperative for the minority Aryan Brahmins to beget divisions and to devise undying conflicts amounting to destruction among the majority Drvidians so as to keep them ever as slaves.

The expectation of the Aryans could be fulfilled only when such divisions gain permanent footing. So the deceptive concept caste stratification was invented by the Aryan Brahmins to achieve this. 

The High Caste and the Low Caste

33. The Dravidians were segregated into very many fragments since the Aryans had political power. Higher status in caste was awarded to the Dravidians according to the extent they had supported the Aryans and the lower status in caste was imposed on the others according to the level of their resistance. The betrayers were much acclaimed and were approved as belonging to the high castes. 

Those who had opposed the Aryans were plundered of their assets. Laws were enacted in such a way to keep them under poverty and ignorance. They were compelled to indulge in ignoble occupations and those of whom counteracted were put to death. 

34. The Spiritual Veiling 

Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva were the three commentators who had given spiritual colour to the above political tenet of the Aryans. 

They had brought out misleading commentaries for the spiritual books of the Dravidians and had also written so much to uphold the caste stratification and had interpolated them in these Dravidian spiritual books. Siththars, the Dravidian intellectuals were humiliated and were annihilated because they opposed this injustice. 

35. The Bogus Spiritualism  

As a result of this, the Dravidians who were the descendants of the spiritual tradition had to let slip their Dravidian spiritualism and were enslaved permanently through the veiled and bogus Aryan spiritualism. They had even forgotten the relationship of their ancestors with spiritualism. In addition to this they still had inclined to enjoy the state of slavery. It has become an everyday’s affair to witness caste clashes and religious conflicts at the instance of the Aryans.

The Dravidians go on destroying each other and are thus vanishing. The truth is camouflaged and the bogus one is being applauded. If at all the Dravidians are to be safeguarded from humiliation and destruction the truths that are hidden have to be brought to lime light. An awareness of Dravidian spiritualism should come into being.

Refutations to the Aryan Brahmins 

36. Sivagnanabodham is a spiritual book authored by Meykandar, a Dravidian intellect who had disapproved and refuted the three doctrines of Advaita, Visistadvaita and Dvaita which were written by the Aryan Brahmins as commentaries written for the spiritual books of Vyasa, a Dravidian.

This is the basic book of the fourteen Sastras of Saiva Siddhanta. Therefore these fourteen Saiva Siddanta Sastras are termed as ‘Meykanda Sastras’.

There are only forty lines in the 12 aphorisms of Sivagnanabodham. These forty lines are versatile and powerful enough to claim superiority over all theologies and philosophies of the world. 

37. Must be salvaged from Casteism & Religious Fanaticism 

The historic spiritual thoughts of the Tamils have attained fullness. Notwithstanding this the Tamils remain as slaves.

It is because of the fact that the Tamils have slipped down from their spiritualism and have been enslaved by the bogus spiritualism and the caste segregation of the Aryans. This has instigated the Tamils to indulge in religious frenzy and caste clashes which in turn has resulted in the impotency of thoughts of the Tamils. So, they must be released from the fanaticisms of religions and castes and they have to be brought under the spiritual web.

We must make them realize the fact that elevation in casteism came into being as a result of betrayal and therefore it is shameful. They must be provided with spiritual awareness so that they could realize what is truth. To achieve this we must make the Tamils / (Dravidians) realize the spiritual glory of the Tamils (Dravidians). 

38. The Glory of Dravidians 

Thirunavukkarasar who was instrumental in the origin of the Bhakti Movement was a Dravidian. Veda Vyasa who had compiled the nomadic folk songs of worship of the Aryans, which speak about offering of animal sacrifice, and had classified them as Vedas and in contrary to these Vedas he had professed the Doctrine of Fulfillment of Sacrifice through Vedanta, was also a Dravidian.

The Vedanta is a Dravidian doctrine which invariably negate the Vedic concept. Meykandar who had disproved the commentaries of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva was also a Dravidian.  

39. Temple worship has no place in the Vedas 

The temple worship is strikingly contrary to the Vedic worship. (Worship and religion are separate entities.) That is, the Six Fold Religion of the family of Siva is the outcome of the Tamil Bhakti Movement. There is no place for temple worship in the Vedas. The temple-worship of the Dravidians and the temple - worship of the descendants of Abraham are inter-linked and thus they have continuity.

Buddhism and Jainism do not have the concept of God. Therefore, they do not have the concept of offering sacrifice to God. 

Why were the Aryan Vedas Compiled? 

Veda Vyasa believed in the concept of One God. The conceptualization of Vyasa was this that because God was born in this world as a man and He had offered Himself as a sacrifice for the sake of human beings there was no necessity to offer sacrifice anymore and hence the Doctrine of the Fulfillment of Sacrifice.

He had collected the folk songs of sacrificial worship which were prevalent at a time when Buddhism and Jainism had spread throughout India, in order to propagate the new Doctrine of the Fulfillment of Sacrifice among the people.

It had become an easy task for him to explain the concept of Vedanta through his own compilation of the Vedas.

The following are the important tenets of Veda Vyasa’s Doctrine of Vedanta.

 

1. The Doctrine of God.

2. The Doctrine of Avatara - God’s birth as man.

3. The Doctrine of the Fulfillment of Sacrifice of God incarnate.

4. The Doctrine of Trinity that explains how the Triune God functions.

Saivite and Vaishnavite temples were founded on the Doctrine of Vedanta of Veda Vyasa. There are sacrificial altars in these temples sans offering of sacrifice.

The Doctrine of Vedanta is related to the Doctrine of the New Testament in the Bible. The Old Testament that tells about the Doctrine of sacrifice is the Veda of the Jews. The New Testament that tells about the fulfillment of sacrifice is the end of the Veda of the Jews (Vedanta).

Saivism and Vaishnavism are the religions developed on the basis of Veda Vyasa’s Doctrine of Vedanta. There is no connection between these religions and the Aryans. These are the religions of the Tamils or the Dravidians. 

Tamil Religion or Dravidian Religion 

The 63 Nayanmars (Saivite Saints) who were the root cause of the rise of Saivism had hailed from Tamil Nadu only.

The 12 Alwars (Vaishnavite Saints) who were the root cause of the rise of Vaishnavism had hailed from Tamil Nadu only.

Out of 275 ancient Saivite temples of India more than 230 are situated in Tamil Nadu only.

Out of 108 ancient Vaishnavite shrines of India s96 are situated in Tamil Nadu only.

The basic twelve scriptural canons (Panniru Thirumurai) of Saivism are in Tamil Language only.

Likewise Naalayira Thivyap Prabhandam the basic scripture of Vaishnavism, otherwise known as ‘Dravida Vedam’ had been rendered only in Tamil Language.

The 14 Saiva Siddhanta Sastras inclusive of Sivagnanabotham which had refuted the Braminical concepts viz. Advaita, Visistadvaita and Dvaita are in Tamil Language only. 

Therefore, it is imperative that the Tamils or the Dravidians have to name their religions viz. Saivism and Vaishnavism, as Dravidian religion in order to achieve the spiritual liberation of the Dravidians. That alone shall glorify the Dravidians. 

40. Is there Anyone else? 

The spiritual glory of the Tamils or the Dravidians can thus be added on and on. We whole heartedly welcome any one who could come forward to point out any book with a tint of spiritual glory of the Aryan Brahmins to their credit, other than the political codification with which they had enslaved the Dravidians and continued to keep them under lasting bondage. The Aryan Brahmins have never known the difference between life (spirit) and soul. That is, the difference between a human being and an animal.  

41. The Conference 

The Dravidians must acquire spiritual awakening from spiritual delusion. So it is planned to organize an International Tamilan (Dravidian) Spiritual Awakening conference. This will be a historic conference.

Prominent research scholars of the philosophies of 1) Advaita 2) Visishtadvaita 3) Dvaita and 4) Saiva Siddhanta shall be invited from various parts of the world and seminars would be conducted at the conference. Invitations would be extended to different mutts to delegate scholars which are run in the names of Sankara, Ramanuja and Madhva.

 

The hidden and the deceitfully shrouded spiritual facts of the Dravidians would be brought to the lime light. The authors of the papers would answer the questions that shall be raised by the scholars in the conference.

Those who would like to participate in the conference are requested to contact the address given below:-

 

Dravidian Spiritual Movement

278, Konnur High Road, Ayanpuram, Chennai - 600 023. India, Ph : 644 9032, 644 3842.

 (Founder : Dr.M.Deivanayagam M.A.,Ph.D. -------- Organizer : Dr.D. Devakala M.A.,Ph.D.)

 

 

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